A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It's called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example: The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. --> In the above example, "who": - Relates to "person", wich it modifies; - Introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night" There are three most important relative pronouns: who, which and where. WHO It's used to refer to people:  Example: " I know a girl who lives in your street." (Conheço uma rapariga que vive na tua rua.) WHICH It's used to refer to things: Example: " This is the phone which I bought at the weekend." (Este é o telefone que comprei no fim de semana.) WHERE It's used to refer to places: Example: " This is the house where I was born." (Esta é a casa onde eu nasci.)  

Sentences can be active (Ex: The executive committee approved the new policy.) or passive (Ex: The new police was approved by the executive committee.) The Passive Voice is used when isn't known or when doesn't matter, who realize the action. The Passive Voice is constructed like the Present Simple, but using the Past Simple of the verb be with  the Past Participle: Subj. of the Passive + am/is/are; was/were; will be/would be; am/is/are being; have/has been + Past Participle   EXAMPLE: Present Simple::          A.V :  I do my homework.                        P.V : My homework is done by me. Past Simple:                 A.V : I did my homework.                         P.V : My homework was done by me. Future:           ...

Reported Speech Rules If we want to say what other people said, tought or felt, we can use the direct and indirect speech (reported speech). The direct speech: " I like it" he said; " Sophie is late" he tought; " I will pass the exam" she hoped. The reported speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam. The reported speech is typically introduced by verbs such as: say, tell, admit, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse, etc. in the past tense. He said (that) he didn't want it. She explained that she had been at the seaside. If this verbs are in the past tense, we change the following: a) verb tenses and verb forms                                                                                        ...

Will is used to refer to the future: " Sally will be 16 next year." (Sally fará 16 anos no próximo ano.) Will and won't are used to give or to promise something: " We'll help you to study for the exams." (Nós ajudar-te-emos a estudar para os exames.) " I promise I won't tell anyone your secret." (Prometo-te que não contarei a ninguém o teu segredo.)

The Present Perfect is used to talk about a situation or an action that began in the past and influences the present. It's used to talk about a past experience too. Ex: I've lost my pencil. (Perdi o meu lápis.) (Perdi-o no passado e ainda não o encontrei.) Ex: We've always lived in this house. (Sempre vivemos nesta casa.) (Nascemos aqui e ainda vivemos cá.) The Present Perfect is used when you don't know exactly when the action happened or when it doesn't matter. Ex: We've had lunch. (Já almoçamos.) (Não interessa a hora exacta.)                                                                                         Present Perfect with just, for and since EX: I've just seen Sally in the garden. EX: Peter's been at this...

Actions that  were happening at a certain time in the past. The adverbs when and while are used when an action is interrupted by another.       ~~~~~~~~> He was reading.       ~~~~~~~~> She was writing.       ~~~~I~~~~> I was playing basketball when my mum called me.                                                                                                      How do you form the Past Continuous? AFF: Subj + was/were + _____ing NEG: Subj + wasn´t/weren't + _____ing INT: Was/Were + subj + ______ing Examples: AFF: They were eating when she arrived. NEG: They weren't eating when she arrived. INT: Were...

  Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.  AFF: Subject + regular verb + ed.               or:    Subject + irregular verb.   NEG: Subject + did not (didn't) + verb (infinitive).   INT: Did + subject + verb (infinitive) ?  Example:      Affirmative : I spoke English.                        Negative: I didn't speak English.                        Interrogative: Did i speak English?